宪法的适应性问题研究

四川省司法厅 谢维雁


宪法的适应性，一是指宪 法的内容必须准确地反映一定的社会关系，而不能和现实需要脱节。〔1〕二是指宪法所具有的通过自身的应变方式使宪法的内容适应政治、经济、文化等各方面变化以及宪法以其国家强制力对法律、行为合宪的能力。宪法的适应性，揭示了宪法与社会现实之间的一致性和统一性。宪法是国家的根本大法，它调整的是国家根本性或全局性的问题，而且对根本性或全局性问题“作非常原则性的规定”，〔2〕这决定了宪法比一般法律能在更大程度上承受政治、经济、文化等各方面的变化，即宪法具有更大的适应性。宪法的适应性是宪法的生命。马克思在谈到拿破仑法典时说，“这一法典一旦不再适应社会关系，它就会成为一叠不值钱的废纸。”〔3〕这也适合于宪法。列宁也认为宪法应具有适应性，“当法律同现实脱节的时候，宪法是虚假的；当它们是一致的时候，宪法便不是虚假的。”〔4〕他还认为宪法是阶级力量对比关系的反映，“某一时期的成文的宪法，在本质上是现实的、真正的宪法，是和力量的对比没有分歧的。”〔5〕然而，在我国宪法的适应性并未引起学界的足够重视，制宪和修宪都存在不重视宪法适应性问题的倾向。本文拟就宪法适应性作粗浅探讨。



一



宪法适应性是宪法持续有效的逻辑依据。

美国1787年宪法宣称：“我们合众国人民，……制定和确立本宪法。”若干年后，有人认为，200年前那一代人的独立主权中并不包括着可以把自己的价值强加给后代的权利；他们的道德原则也并不必然就是我们的道德原则；他们曾经作出的同意也许对我们却没有强制力。从而提出了责难：“建国之父们的宪法就是我们的宪法吗？他们的社会契约就是我们的社会契约吗？”〔6〕这是至今仍未解决的问题，即：“前人”制定的宪法对“后人”一定有约束力吗？如果回答是肯定的，那么其依据是什么呢？对前一问题，有两种意见，一种意见是，“前人”的价值观念与权利是无限的，对他们的子孙后代同样有效。无疑这只是理想，仅存在于早期起草《人权宣言》、《独立宣言》的革命家的思想中。托马斯·杰斐逊持另一种意见，即“后人”没有遵守“前人”制定的宪法的义务，〔7〕建议“宪法应于19年后自行终止”，〔8〕主张宪法每20年重新修改一次，〔9〕以使新修改的宪法对“后人”产生约束力。杰斐逊最早注意到宪法与不断变化的人民意志之间的冲突，提出了解决办法，在宪政史上具有重要的意义。但他的主张有缺陷，第一，仍不能避免在宪法有效施行的20年内“前人”的意志与未参与制（修）宪的“后人”的意志相冲突或不一致，即使是制（修）宪的“前人”的意志，在20年内也可能发生大的变化，以致与原宪法代表的意志不一致。第二，20年后宪法所代表的“前人”意志可能仍然与“后人”的意志一致，则宪法无必要修改。第三，20年重修一次宪法，将严重损害宪法稳定性并危及宪法权威性。好在杰斐逊并未认真，在1789年之后的第19年里，他并未将宪法看作是自行失效的东西，他认为自己仍受保持、保护和捍卫宪法这一誓言的约束，而且充满信心地使之付诸实施。〔10〕中国也存在经过一段时间后重新修宪的主张，毛泽东在54年制宪时说：“我们的这个宪法是社会主义类型的宪法，但还不是完全社会主义的宪法，它是一个过渡时期的宪法。”〔11〕过渡时期多长呢？“大概是三个五年计划，即十五年左右”， 〔12〕这部宪法也就大概管十五年。“宪法制定的时候就被确定为过渡性宪法，被作为推进建设社会主义的手段。一旦社会主义建成，宪法的使命就完成了，就要被完全的 宪法所取代。”〔13〕但，75年修宪却不是因为过渡时期结束，而是因为毛泽东想早日结束“这场看来是不幸的革命”，“想通过九大来达到‘天下大治’，结束文化大革命。于是需要制定一部全新的宪法”。〔14〕1956年即已基本完成社会主义改造，在以后长达19年中五四宪法仍有约束力吗？

杰斐逊、毛泽东均未解决宪法持续有效的依据问题。笔者认为，宪法的适应性理论正是宪法持续有效的理论依据。

首先，宪法的适应性，使宪法具有能动的应变方式，适时根据社会变化作出反应，保证宪法与社会现实始终保持相对一致，这是“前人”制定的宪法对“后人”仍有约束力的重要前提。其次，宪法的适应性使宪法体现了“后人”的意志。宪法对社会变化所作出的适时反应，是现世人们意志的凝结。与社会现实保持一致的“前人”的意志被保留了下来，不一致的逐渐被修正或淘汰，“前人”的意志在这个过程中逐渐转化成了“后人”的意志。这是“前人”的宪法对“后人”仍有约束力的根本原因。宪法随社会现实不断发展，“后人”完全可以利用这套适应性机制去发展出他们自己的宪法制度，而不须修改或重新制定宪法。再次，宪法的适应性反映了宪法不断发展的过程，宪法的适应性机制就是宪法的发展机制。

但是，宪法的适应性机制发挥作用是有条件的。一个国家阶级力量对比关系、基本政治结构发生了根本性变化，原有宪法架构与社会现实发生彻底“位移”，宪法的适应性机制不能发生任何作用，全面修宪或重新制宪就成为必要。因此，宪法适应性具有相对性，阶级力量对比关系和基本政治结构不发生根本性变化，是宪法适应性机制发挥作用的前提条件。



二



宪法的适应性是宪法权威得以确立并有效延续的基本前提和保障。

宪法具有最高权威，是现代国家的标志。宪法的权威性，意味着，1、宪法是最高的法，任何法律、法规、行政命令都不能与之相抵触；2、宪法高于政治，一切政治活动都须在宪法规定范围内进行；3、宪法在道义上具有最高地位。宪法的权威性即宪法至上。我国现行宪法在序言中明确规定自身“具有最高法律效力”， 〔15〕肯定了宪法至上原则。〔16〕宪法权威的根源有二，其一是宪法的民主本质，即宪法必须是民主的法律化和制度化，宪法须体现多数人的意志，宪法具有最高权威，实则是民主——多数人的意志至上的逻辑结论。其二是宪法的适应性。（一）宪法准确反映社会现实，是宪法权威的基础。（二）宪法通过自身的应变手段，使自己具备适应社会现实不断变化的能力，保证宪法与社会现实一致，使宪法具有科学性和真实性，是宪法权威保持连续效力的根据。（三）宪法以其国家强制力使法律和行为合宪，这是宪法权威得以维持的保障。

宪法权威对宪法的适应性也产生极重要的影响。首先，保证宪法具有极大权威是宪法适应性的逻辑起点。宪法不具有权威，则宪法适应性及运作机制失去存在的必要。其次，宪法权威是宪法适应性机制发挥作用的保证。宪法没有权威，则宪法的各种应变手段也没有权威，最终失去保证宪法与社会现实达成一致的功能。再次，宪法权威制约宪法适应性机制作用的发生。第一，宪法具有极大权威，使宪法的适应性机制的应变不能轻易实现，这也叫“宪法不变”原则，如各国对宪法修改、宪法解释、宪法诉讼等都规定有严格的程序。第二，宪法具有极大权威，要求宪法适应性及应变手段必须规范化，且有宪法上的依据。第三，宪法适应性以不影响宪法权威为条件。



三



宪法具有适应性是宪法法律性的必然结果。

宪法首要的是作为法律而存在。宪法的法律性意味着，第一，宪法和法律一样，都是强制性规范，宪法强制法律及行为合宪。第二，宪法必须由一定的机关加以适用，适用宪法的机关须享有宪法解释权，解释宪法是适用宪法的前提。第三，违宪者必须承担违宪责任，接受宪法制裁，违宪的法律无效。第四，宪法作为一切社会主体必须遵守的行为规范，具有直接适用性，即宪法既是个体为维护或增进权益的辩护理由，也是法院进行裁决的直接依据。宪法的法律性是宪政制度的价值所在。

对宪法法律性的认识及其实践是现代法治社会的起点。早期的人们将自然法视为人们观念中的宪法，而宪法则是人们观念中自然法的法律化、条文化。〔17〕1803年前的美国宪法不是作为法律被适用着的，而是作为“神物”被供奉着的。〔18〕美国宪法制定初期存在宪法崇拜。〔19〕1803年，大法官约翰·马歇尔通过马伯里诉麦迪逊一案的判决把美国宪法变成了一部真正可以适用的法律，宪法具有了法律性。正如一位美国大法官说的那样，“我们在宪法下面。但是，被称之为宪法的是法官叫做宪法的法。”〔20〕此后，宪法的法律性受到人们普遍重视。20世纪，对宪法法律性的认识和实践有了很大进展，1920年奥地利首创宪法法院，捷克和西班牙也建立了类似的宪法审判机构。1946年，法国设置宪法委员会。目前，设立宪法法院的国家达26个，通过最高法院的行使宪法法院职能的国家有14个。〔21〕值得一提的是，1989—1991年苏联、中东欧国家发生剧变后，大多设立了宪法法院，并将设立宪法法院作为走向法治的标志。〔22〕这些宪法法院的共同使命，就是通过行使司法性质的国家权力使宪法成为宪法。〔23〕宪法的司法化使宪法的法律性得以张扬。在我国，宪法学者也认识到了宪法应当具有法律的一般性质，〔24〕但我国宪政实践中，宪法的法律性长期未受到足够重视，甚至存在宪法“非法化”倾向。主要体现在：第一，目前我国宪法仅限于在立法方面通过“依据中华人民共和国宪法……，制定本法”所表现出来的对法律的适用性，不存在直接适用性。〔25〕第二，现行宪法规定了适用宪法的机关——宪法监督及宪法解释机关（全国人大及其常委会），但全国人大及其常委会的性质及工作方式使之不能担当适用宪法之重任。〔26〕第三，最高人民法院早在1955年的一个复函中规定，各级人民法院的判决不准援引宪法条文作为论罪科刑的依据，1986年最高人民法院在《关于人民法院制作法律文书应如何引用法律规范性文件的批复》中，同样将宪法排除在可以引用的的范围之外。这两个司法解释阻断了对我国宪法法律性认识和实践的道路。

宪法适应性是宪法法律性的逻辑要求。宪法适应性在本质上是宪法作为法律规范对社会、政治、经济、文化生活的协调状态，只有宪法作为法律规范直接适用于具体的社会现实，宪法的适应性才能显现。宪法的法律性决定了宪法的适应性。第一，宪法法律性的实质在于适用性，“宪法的法律性的最基本的涵义是：宪法可以且必须由适当的机关加以适用。”〔27〕宪法只有作为法律规范在具体的适用中才能表现出它与社会现实是否相适应。因此，“宪法的首要精神是实践”，“宪法的实践就是怎样使宪法成为宪法。”〔28〕宪法的适应性是宪法法律性的必然结果。第二，宪法对法律和行为的合宪能力以宪法作为法律所具有的强制力为支撑。对法律和行为不断地进行合宪判断与“裁决”，是一个司法过程，强化了宪法的适应性。

宪法的适应性也有助于强化宪法的法律性。一方面，宪法具有适应性，使宪法在社会现实变化时，通过自身的某些改变来适应这种变化，宪法不致成为虚假的宪法，保持了宪法的法律性。另一方面，宪法对法律和行为的合宪能力，意味着宪法以国家强制力排除了违宪的法律和行为，对违宪法律宣告无效，对违宪行为进行制裁，体现了宪法作为法律的最高效力。宪法缺乏适应性导致的可能后果是，（一）要么宪法起政治纲领作用，而在现实生活中“根本大法根本无用。”（二）要么宪法因社会现实不断变化修改频仍。前一种情况，宪法根本没有权威，后一种情况会损害宪法权威，二者都会导致宪法法律性的缺失。
国家税务总局


国家税务总局关于印发《消费税若干具体问题的规定》的通知

1993年12月28日，国家税务总局

各省、自治区、直辖市税务局，各计划单列市税务局，哈尔滨、长春、沈阳、西安、成都、南京、武汉、广州市税务局：
现将消费税若干具体问题的规定印发给你们，希贯彻执行。

附件：消费税若干具体问题的规定
一、关于卷烟分类计税标准问题
1、纳税人销售的卷烟因放开销售价格而经常发生价格上下浮动的，应以该牌号规格卷烟销售当月的加权平均销售价格确定征税类别和适用税率。但销售的卷烟有下列情况之一者，不得列入加权平均计算：
（1）销售价格明确偏低而无正当理由的；
（2）无销售价格的。
在实际执行中，月初可先按上月或者离销售当月最近月份的征税类别和适用税率预缴税款，月份终了再按实际销售价格确定征税类别和适用税率，并结算应纳税款。
2、卷烟由于接装过滤嘴、改变包装或其它原因提高销售价格后，应按照新的销售价格确定征税类别和适用税率。
3、纳税人自产自用的卷烟应当按照纳税人生产的同牌号规格的卷烟销售价格确定征税类别和适用税率。没有同牌号规格卷烟销售价格的，一律按照甲类卷烟税率征税。
4、委托加工的卷烟按照受托方同牌号规格卷烟的征税类别和适用税率征税。没有同牌号规格卷烟的，一律按照甲类卷烟的税率征税。
5、残次品卷烟应当按照同牌号规格正品卷烟的征税类别确定适用税率。
6、下列卷烟不分征税类别一律按照甲类卷烟税率征税：
（1）进口卷烟；
（2）白包卷烟；
（3）手工卷烟；
（4）未经国务院批准纳入计划的企业和个人生产的卷烟。国家计划内卷烟生产企业名单附后。
7、卷烟分类计税标准的调整，由国家税务总局确定。
二、关于酒的征收范围问题
1、外购酒精生产的白酒，应按酒精所用原料确定白酒的适用税率。凡酒精所用原料无法确定的，一律按照粮食白酒的税率征税。
2、外购两种以上酒精生产的白酒，一律从高确定税率征税。
3、以外购白酒加浆降度，或外购散酒装瓶出售，以及外购白酒以曲香、香精进行调香、调味生产的白酒，按照外购白酒所用原料确定适用税率。凡白酒所用原料无法确定的，一律按照粮食白酒的税率征税。
4、以外购的不同品种白酒勾兑的白酒，一律按照粮食白酒的税率征税。
5、对用粮食和薯类、糠麸等多种原料混合生产的白酒，一律按照粮食白酒的税率征税。
6、对用薯类和粮食以外的其他原料混合生产的白酒，一律按照薯类白酒的税率征税。
三、关于计税依据问题
1、纳税人销售的甲类卷烟和粮食白酒，其计税价格显著低于产地市场零售价格的，主管税务机关应逐级上报国家税务总局核定计税价格，并按照国家税务总局核定的计税价格征税。
甲类卷烟和粮食白酒计税价格的核定办法另行规定。
2、根据《中华人民共和国消费税条例实施细则》第十七条的规定，应税消费品全国平均成本利润率规定如下：
（1）甲类卷烟10％；
（2）乙类卷烟5％；
（3）雪茄烟5％；
（4）烟丝5％；
（5）粮食白酒10％；
（6）薯类白酒5％；
（7）其他酒5％；
（8）酒精5％；
（9）化妆品5％；
（10）护肤护发品5％；
（11）鞭炮、焰火5％；
（12）贵重首饰及珠宝玉石6％；
（13）汽车轮胎5％；
（14）摩托车6％；
（15）小轿车8％；
（16）越野车6％；
（17）小客车5％。
3、下列应税消费品可以销售额扣除外购已税消费品买价后的余额作为计税价格计征消费税：
（1）外购已税烟丝生产的卷烟；
（2）外购已税酒和酒精生产的酒（包括以外购已税白酒加浆降度，用外购已税的不同品种的白酒勾兑的白酒，用曲香、香精对外购已税白酒进行调香、调味以及外购散装白酒装瓶出售等等）；
（3）外购已税化妆品生产的化妆品；
（4）外购已税护肤护发品生产的护肤护发品；
（5）外购已税珠宝玉石生产的贵重首饰及珠宝玉石；
（6）外购已税鞭炮焰火生产的鞭炮焰火。
外购已税消费品的买价是指购货发票上注明的销售额（不包括增值税税款）。
4、下列应税消费品准予从应纳消费税税额中扣除原料已纳消费税税款：
（1）以委托加工收回的已税烟丝为原料生产的卷烟；
（2）以委托加工收回的已税酒和酒精为原料生产的酒；
（3）以委托加工收回的已税化妆品为原料生产的化妆品；
（4）以委托加工收回的已税护肤护发品为原料生产的护肤护发品；
（5）以委托加工收回已税珠宝玉石为原料生产的贵重首饰及珠宝玉石。
（6）以委托加工收回已税鞭炮焰火为原料生产的鞭炮焰火。
已纳消费税税款是指委托加工的应税消费品由受托方代收代缴的消费税。
5、纳税人通过自设非独立核算门市部销售的自产应税消费品，应当按照门市部对外销售额或者销售数量征收消费税。
6、纳税人用于换取生产资料和消费资料，投资入股和抵偿债务等方面的应税消费品，应当以纳税人同类应税消费品的最高销售价格作为计税依据计算消费税。
四、关于纳税地点问题
根据《中华人民共和国消费税条例实施细则》第二十五条的规定，对纳税人的总机构与分支机构不在同一省（自治区、直辖市）的，如需改由总机构汇总在总机构所在地纳税的，需经国家税务总局批准；对纳税人的总机构与分支机构在同一省（自治区、直辖市）内，而不在同一县（市）的，如需改由总机构汇总在总机构所在地纳税的，需经国家税务总局所属分局批准。
五、关于报缴税款问题
纳税人报缴税款的办法，由所在地主管税务机关视不同情况，于下列办法中核定一种：
1、纳税人按期向税务机关填报纳税申报表，并填开纳税缴款书，向所在地代理金库的银行缴纳税款。
2、纳税人按期向税务机关填报纳税申报表，由税务机关审核后填发缴款书，按期缴纳。
3、对会计核算不健全的小型业户，税务机关可根据其产销情况，按季或按年核定其应纳税额，分月缴纳。
六、本规定自一九九四年一月一日起执行。



NOTICE ON PRINTING AND ISSUING STIPULATIONS CONCERNING SOMESPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO CONSUMPTION TAX

(State Administration of Taxation: 28 December 1993 Guo Shui Fa(1993) No. 156)

Whole Doc.
To tax bureaus of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities, to tax bureaus of various cities with separate planning,
and to tax bureaus of Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Xian, Chengdu, Nanjing,
Wuhan and Guangzhou:
The Stipulations on Some Specific Issues Concerning Consumption Tax
are hereby printed and issued to you. You are expected to put them into
practice.

PROVISIONS FOR SOME SPECIFIC QUESTIONS ON CONSUMPTION TAX
(State Administration of Taxation: 28 December 1993)
I. Questions concerning the standard for classification of cigarettes
for computation of tax.
1. Due to the release from the control of cigarettes selling price,
prices of cigarettes sold by taxpayers fluctuate frequently. The tax
classification and the applicable tax rates shall be determined in
accordance with the monthly weighted average selling price for the
cigarettes of the same brand and specification. However, the cigarettes
sold shall not be calculated under the weighted average method under
anyone of the following circumstances:
(a) the selling price is obviously below average and without proper
reasons;
(b) there is no selling price.
In practice, at the beginning of the month, advance payment of tax
can be made according to the tax classification and applicable tax rate of
the previous month or the most recent month from the month of sale. After
the end of the month, taxpayers shall base on the actual selling price to
determine the tax classification and the applicable tax rate and calculate
the tax pay able for the month.
2. When the price of cigarettes has been raised due to addition of
filter tips, change of package or other reasons, the tax classification
and applicable tax rates shall be determined according to the new selling
price.
3. For cigarettes self-produced and self-used by same taxpayers, the
tax classification and the applicable rates shall be determined in
accordance with the selling price of cigarettes in the same brand and
specification. when there is no selling price for cigarettes with the same
brand and specification, they shall all be taxed according to the tax rate
of Grade A cigarettes.
4. Contract processed cigarettes shall be taxed in accordance with
the tax classification and applicable tax rates of cigarettes with the
same brand and specification of the contractor. If no cigarette is with
the same brand and specification, they shall all be taxed according to the
tax rate for Grade A cigarettes.
5. The applicable tax rate for defective or inferior cigarettes shall
be determined in accordance with the tax classification of cigarettes of
standard quality with the same brand and specification.
6. The following cigarettes, irrespective of their tax classification
shall all be taxed at the rate of Grade A cigarettes:
(a) Imported cigarettes;
(b) Unmarked cigarettes;
(c) Hand-made cigarettes;
(d) Cigarettes produced by enterprises and individuals not approved
by the State Council as under state plan.
The list for enterprises producing cigarettes under State plan is
attached.
7. Any adjustment to the standard for classification of cigarettes
for computation of tax shall be determined by the State Administration for
Taxation.
II. Questions concerning the scope of charge for alcoholic drinks.
1. The applicable tax rate for outside purchased white spirits made
with alcohol shall be determined in accordance with the raw material
contained in the alcohol. When the raw material used in the alcohol
cannot be determined, the white spirits shall be taxed at the rate for
white spirits shall be taxed at the rate for white spirits made from
cereal.
2. For outside purchased white spirits made from more than two kinds
of alcohol, the tax rate used shall be the highest tax rate of the
alcohol.
3. For white spirits produced by and adding liquid to reduce the
degree of alcohol for outside purchased white spirits, or outside bottling
purchased spirits in bulk for sale, or using leaven and essence to scent
or flavour the outside purchased white spirits, the applicable tax rate
shall be determined in accordance with the outside purchased materials
used in the white spirits. When the materials used in the white spirits
cannot be determined, all the above shall be taxed according to the tax
rate of white spirits made from cereal.
4. White spirits made by blending different types of outside
purchased white spirits shall all be taxed according to the tax rate of
white spirits made from cereal.
5. White spirits made by mixing many kinds of raw materials including
cereal, potatoes, bran, etc. shall all be taxed according to the tax rate
for white spirits made from cereal.
6. White spirits made by mixing materials other than potatoes and
cereal shall all be taxed according to the tax rate of white spirits made
from potatoes.
III. Questions concerning the basis for computation of tax
1. For taxpayers selling Grade A cigarettes and white spirits made
from cereal, if the assessable value is remarkably lower than the market
retail price at the place of production, the competent tax authorities
shall report level by level up to the State Administration for Taxation
for determination on the assessable value and calculate the tax in
accordance with the assessable value determined by the State
Administration for Taxation.
The method for determining the assessable value for Grade A
cigarettes and white spirits made from cereal shall be stipulated under
separate provisions.
2. In accordance with the provisions of Article 17 of the Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of the Provisional
Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Consumption Tax>, the
national average cost-plus margin rate of taxable consumer goods are
stipulated as follows:
(a) Grade A cigarettes 10%
(b) Grade B cigarettes 5%
(c) Cigars 5%
(d) Cut tobacco 5%
(e) White spirits made from cereal 10%
(f) White spirits made from potatoes 5%
(g) Other alcoholic drinks 5%
(h) Alcohol 5%
(i) Cosmetics 5%
(j) Skin-care and hair-care products 5%
(k) Firecrackers and fireworks 5%
(l) Precious jewelry and precious jade and stones 6%
(m) Motor Vehicle tyres 5%
(n) Motorcycles 6%
(o) Motor cars 8%
(p) Cross-country vehicles 6%
(q) Minibuses and vans 5%
3. For the following taxable consumer goods, the assessable values
for computation of consumption Tax may be the remainder amount after the
sale amount is deducted by the purchase price of outside purchased
after-tax consumer goods:
(a) Cigarettes made from outside purchased after-tax cut tobacco;
(b) Alcoholic drinks produced from outside purchased after-tax
alcoholic drinks and alcohol (including adding liquid to reduce the degree
of alcohol for outside purchased after-tax white spirits, blending
different types of outside purchased after-tax white spirits, using leaven
and essence to scent or flavour the outside purchased after-tax white
spirits and bottling outside purchased after-tax white spirits in bulk,
etc.).
(c) Cosmetics made from outside purchased after-tax cosmetics;
(d) Skin-care and hair-care products made from outside purchased
after-tax skin- care and hair care products;
(e) Precious jewelry and precious jade and stones made from outside
purchased after-tax precious jade and stones;
(f) Firecrackers and fireworks made from outside purchased after-tax
firecrackers and fireworks.
The purchase price of outside purchased after-tax consumer goods
refers to the selling price indicated on the purchase invoice (excluding
the amount of Value-added Tax).
4. Consumption Tax already paid on the materials of the following
taxable consumer goods is allowed to be deducted from the Consumption Tax
payable;:
(a) Cigarettes received back from the contractor for processing using
after-tax cut tobacco as raw materials;
(b) Alcoholic drinks received back from the contractor for processing
using after-tax alcoholic drinks and alcohol as raw materials;
(c) Cosmetics received back from the contractor for processing using
after-tax cosmetics as raw materials;
(d) Skin-care and hair-care products received back from the
contractor for processing using after-tax skin-care and hair-care products
as raw materials;
(e) Precious jewelry and precious jade and stones received back from
the contractor for processing using after-tax precious jade and stones as
raw materials;
(f) Firecrackers and fireworks received back from the contractor for
processing using after-tax firecrackers and fireworks as raw materials.
the Consumption Tax paid refers to Consumption Tax withheld and paid on
behalf of the principal by the contractor for the taxable consumer goods
contracted for processing.
5. Taxpayers selling self-produced taxable consumer goods through
self-established and non-independently accounted sales counter shall be
subject to Consumption Tax according to the sales amount or sales volume
of the counter sales to outsider.
6. Consumption Tax of taxable consumer goods which the taxpayers use
to exchange for production information, consumption information, making
investment, offsetting debts, etc. shall be computed using the highest
selling price of similar taxable consumer goods of the taxpayer as the
basis of tax assessment.
IV. Questions concerning the place for paying tax
According to the provisions of Article 25 of the Regulations For the Implementation of Provisional Regulations of the
People's Republic of China on Consumption Tax>, if the tax payment is
consolidated and to be made at the location of the head office when the
head office and the branch office are not located in the same province
(autonomous region or municipality), approval from the State
Administration for Taxation is required; if the payment is consolidated
and to be made at the location of the head office when the head office and
the branch office are located in the same province (autonomous region or
municipality) but not in the same county (or city), approval from the
relevant Tax Bureau under the State Administration for Taxation is
required.
V. Questions concerning the filling and payment of tax
The local competent tax authorities shall determined, depending on
the circumstances, one of the following methods for filling and payment of
tax for the taxpayer:
1. The taxpayer shall complete the tax return forms regularly and
file to the tax authorities, and complete a tax payment certificate and
pay the tax to the local bank which acts as the agent for the treasury.
2. The taxpayer shall complete the tax return forms regularly and
file to the tax authorities and pay the tax regularly to the tax
authorities which would issue the payment certificate upon examination and
approval of the from.
3. With regard to small business and units whose accounting system is
not sound, tax authorities shall determine the tax payable quarterly or
annually in accordance with their production and sales conditions and the
tax is to be paid monthly.
VI. These provisions shall come into effect from January 1, 1994.
LIST OF ENTERPRISES PRODUCING
-----------------------------------------------
CIGARETTES UNDER STATE PLAN
Beijing Cigarette Factory
Tianjin Cigarette Factory
Shijiazhuang Cigarette Factory
Baoding Cigarette Factory
Zhangjiakou Cigarette Factory
Taiyuan Cigarette Factory
Quwo Cigarette Factory
Huhhot Cigarette Factory
Shenyang Cigarette Factory
Yingkou Cigarette Factory
Jingzhou Cigarette Factory
Xiuyan Cigarette Factory
Changchun Cigarette Factory
Siping Cigarette Factory
Yanji Cigarette Factory
Harbin Cigarette Factory
Suihua Cigarette Factory
Fujing Cigarette Factory
Luohe Cigarette Factory
Anyang Cigarette Factory
Xinxiang Cigarette Factory
Kaifeng Cigarette Factory
Shangqiu Cigarette Factory
Luoyang Cigarette Factory
Nanyang Cigarette Factory
Zhengzhou Cigarette Factory
Huaibing Cigarette Factory
Ruzhou Cigarette Factory
Jiangshan Cigarette Factory
Cheng Cigarette Factory
Wuyue Cigarette Factory
Xiangfan Cigarette Factory
Zaoyang Cigarette Factory
Guangshui Cigarette Factory
Hongan Cigarette Factory
Dangyang Cigarette Factory
Lichuan Cigarette Factory
Chongqing Cigarette Factory
Guiyang Cigarette Factory
Zunyi Cigarette Factory
Guiding Cigarette Factory
Bijie Cigarette Factory
Qingsong Cigarette Factory
Huangping Cigarette Factory
Tongren Cigarette Factory
Guiding Branch of Guiding Cigarette Factory
Kunming Cigarette Factory
Yuxi Cigarette Factory
Qujing Cigarette Factory
Zhaotong Cigarette Factory
Chuxiong Cigarette Factory
Dali Cigarette Factory
Honghe Cigarette Factory
Huize Cigarette Factory
Suijiang Cigarette Factory
Baoji Cigarette Factory
Hailin Cigarette Factory
Linkou Cigarette Factory
Muleng Cigarette Factory
Shanghai Cigarette Factory
Nanjing Cigarette Factory
Xuzhou Cigarette Factory
HuaiYin Cigarette Factory
Hangzhou Cigarette Factory
Ningbo Cigarette Factory
Jiaxing Cigarette Factory
Hefei Cigarette Factory
Bangbu Cigarette Factory
Wuhu Cigarette Factory
Fuyang Cigarette Factory
Chuzhou Cigarette Factory
Haozhou Cigarette Factory
Dangshan Cigarette Factory
Mengcheng Cigarette Factory
Xiamen Cigarette Factory
Longyan Cigarette Factory
Laifeng Cigarette Factory
Sanxia Cigarette Factory
Jiangling Cigarette Factory
Jianshi Cigarette Factory
Xianning branch of Wuhan Cigarette Factory
Changsha Cigarette Factory
Changde Cigarette Factory
Chenzhou Cigarette Factory
Lingling Cigarette Factory
Longshan Cigarette Factory
Xinhuang Cigarette Factory
Qidong Cigarette Factory
Xinshao Cigarette Factory
Fenghuang Cigar Factory
Guangzhou No. 1 Cigarette Factory
Guangzhou No. 2 Cigarette Factory
Shaoguang Cigarette Factory
Meizhou Cigarette Factory
Zhanjiang Cigarette Factory
Shenzhen Cigarette Factory
Yan'an Cigarette Factory
Xianyang Cigarette Factory
Chengcheng Cigarette Factory
Xunyang Cigarette Factory
No. 1 Branch of Hanzhong Cigarette Factory
Lanzhou Cigarette Factory
Tianshui Cigarette Factory
Qingyang Cigarette Factory
Heshui Cigarette Factory
Wuzhong Cigarette Factory
Ledu Cigarette Factory
Xinjiang Cigarette Factory
Kunming Branch of Kunming Cigarette Factory
Sunwu Cigarette Factory
Yongding Branch of Longyan Cigarette Factory
Guangfeng Cigarette Factory
Jinggangshan Cigarette Factory
Xinguo Branch of Gannan Cigarette Factory
Zhoukou Cigarette Branch of Dancheng Cigar Factory
Yunzian Cigarette Factory
Sheshan Cigarette Factory
Quanzhou Cigarette Factory
China American Cigarette Co. Ltd.
Nanchang Cigarette Factory
Guannan Cigarette Factory
Jinan Cigarette Factory
Qingdao Cigarette Factory
Qingzhou Cigarette Factory
Dezhou Cigarette Factory
Heze Cigarette Factory
Yantai Cigarette Factory
Tunzhou Cigarette Factory
Linqing Cigarette Factory
Yishui Cigarette Factory
Yanzhou Cigarette Factory
Shandong-Rothmans Tobacco Co. Ltd.
Zhengzhou Cigarette Factory
Nanxiong Cigarette Factory
Nanhai Cigarette Factory
Nanning Cigarette Factory
Liuzhou Cigarette Factory
Yulin Cigarette Factory
Wuming Cigarette Factory
Zhongshan Cigarette Factory
Yulin Branch of Yulin Cigarette Factory
Fuchuan Branch of Zhongshan Cigarette Factory
Hainan Cigarette Factory
Chengdu Cigarette Factory
Sichuan Cigarette Factory
Shifang Cigarette Factory
Mianyang Cigarette Factory
Xichang Cigarette Factory
Fuling Cigarette Factory
Jinjiang Cigarette Factory
Wushan Cigarette Factory
Zhongshan Cigarette Factory
Xianfeng Cigarette Factory
Dawu Cigarette Factory
Xunyang Cigarette Factory
Chang Yang Branch of Dangyang Cigarette Factory
-----------------------------------------------