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对确立民事再审之诉的构想/杨帆

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对确立民事再审之诉的构想

杨帆
(湖北民族学院财经政法学院 湖北恩施 445000)


内容摘要:民事再审制度确立以来,对维护当事人合法权益,驱导实体正义,起到了重要的作用。但因其立法设计的缺陷,在实践中出现了一系列弊端,笔者基于对现行民事再审程序弊端的分析,认为应确立民事再审之诉,并对此作出了简略的构想。
关键词:弊端;基点;再审之诉;构想
我国民事再审程序的立法指导思想是“实事求是,有错必究”,设计目的在于维护当事人的合法权益,驱导司法公正。但因为立法的粗疏性,使得民事再审程序的强职权主义法理念与程序正义的观念相冲突,破坏了司法的独立性与权威性,在实践中显露出了一系列的制度弊端,使民事法律关系的稳定和社会经济的发展受到了很大的影响。重构这一模式,必须兼顾实体正义与程序正义的统一,利用合理的程序,制导实体的公平。笔者认为应当借鉴德国、日本等大陆法系国家立法模式,构建我国的民事再审之诉制度。
一、我国民事再审程序的主要弊端
我国民事再审程序继承了前苏联的立法理念,强调公权力的主导作用,削弱了当事人的处分权。同时由于规范本身的不完善性,在实践中出现了“申诉的时间没有限制,次数没有限制,申诉的级别法院没有限制,案件的种类没有限制”的四无限现象。结合现行民事诉讼法和司法实践,民事再审程序的主要弊端体现在:
1、再审程序发动主体范围过宽。根据民事诉讼法第177、179、185条的规定,人民法院基于审判监督权可以引发再审,当事人行使申请权可能引发再审,人民检察院基于检察监督权可以引发再审。这看似完备的启动机制中,隐含着不合理的因素:民事再审程序的民事性质决定了其应充分尊重当事人的处分权,而法院依审判监督权而发动再审,实质是扩大了法院的自由裁量权,违反了裁判中立与诉审分离的原则;检察院因抗诉而发动的再审,检察权的介入会改变当事人双方对立、平等对抗的格局,使另一方当事人将会面对权力强大的检察机关。同时,检察院监督只针对已发生法律效力的裁定、判决,对于没有参与庭审的检察机关也很难主动发现裁判的错误,实践中主要是根据当事人的申请,而法律已赋予当事人申请再审权利,再引入权力对权利的救济,违背了私法自治的法则。从私权纠纷,意思自治的角度讲,应当排斥法院、检察院的再审程序启动权。
2、当事人申请再审程序不合理。当事人申请再审的权利主要源自民事诉讼法第178条、179条的规定,但这些相应规定都比较抽象和原则,主要体现在:第一,人民法院对再审申请的审查程序缺省,导致审查的暗箱操作可能出现,诱导司法腐败,造成当事人申请再审难。第二,再审次数没有限制,久讼不决,不利于民事法律关系的稳定。根据民事诉讼法的规定,当事人可以在诉讼的任何阶段提供证据,以推翻原判决,引发再审。这对保护当事人合法权利是有一定益处的。但无休止的诉讼,不仅与既判力理论不相容,破坏法院判决的权威性,而且及于整个社会经济的发展,都是有害的。第三,法院审级设置不合理。在对再审受理法院的规定中,原审法院和上级法院一样对案件享有再审受理权。笔者认为,这是一个并不合理的规定,原审法院一般多为基层法院,审级低,法官素质不高,不易发现自身裁判的错误,难以满足当事人追求实体公平的诉讼心理。同时作为一种纠错程序,原审法院自己否定自己在实践中不太现实,也违反了“任何人不得为自己案件法官”的自然正义原则。所以应将再审案件一并由上级法院审理,对于由此而增加的负担,可以通过撤销基层法院告诉申诉庭来实现平衡。
3、当事人权能受限过度,申请再审权难以充分实现。在强职权主义立法理念的作用下,民事再审强调了国家的干预色彩,对当事人的权能进行了限制。在程序启动上,当事人享有的只是一种对生效裁判不服的“投诉”,并不能直接转化为主观的法权,当事人享有的“投诉”成为法院发现错误判决的一种线索;在申请审查上,由于固有的地方保护,很多案件在法院、检察院、人大、政府等的共同作用下,在某种程度上演化为了一种博奕。再审程序中的各种权力或利益(正当或不正当)相互较量,因而很难用独立的程序来规范;司法者虽然名为中立的裁判者,但实际上成为权衡各种力量大小的检测器,从而使正义的天平常常倾斜。
民事诉讼程序是一种引导纠纷良性解决的机制,程序的缺陷必然会导致矛盾的不良演变,不利于民事法律关系的稳定和经济秩序的正轨化。应当寻找一种合理的改革途径,改进现行的民事再审制度,使其更好地发挥效用和体现程序正义价值。
二、重构民事再审程序的基点
据中国法律年鉴的统计,1997年全国共审理一审民事经济纠纷案件4760928件,其中上诉270147件,占案件总数的5.8%,其中终审裁判被再审的65442件,占二审案件总数的24.4%,其中原判决被变更的14480件,占再审案件总数的22.11%,如此高的再审率和改判率一方面说明了民事再审制度的功用,另一方面也说明了判决的权威性未能彰显,民事再审程序本身存在很大的问题。结合对现行民事再审程序弊端的分析,可以看出有两个倾向:
1、偏重实体公平,忽略程序正义。民事再审程序设计上就是本着“实事求是,有错必究”的追求实体公平的理念,从民事诉讼法第179条规定的再审理由基本上是由实体引发的可以看出立法上对实体的追求和程序正义的忽略,对客观真实的追求固然重要,但如果抛开程序的正义,允许案件反复再审,势必会造成诉讼效率的低下和司法资源的浪费。“实体正义与程序正义是统一的,为追求一种价值观念的实现,而破坏另一种价值观念的实现,将会影响法律的正常运作。实体公正的实现应予制约,制约的方式就是再审程序的设计须体现出实体公正与程序公正同等的价值。”
2、强调权力压制权利。在再审启动中,当事人的申请权显得最为弱小和淡化,受到了法院审查权的限制,在有限的司法资源和数量庞大的再审申请的矛盾中,当事人的申请权并未得到充分的尊重。而法院和检察院启动的再审,是一种没有限制的自由发动,对予胜诉的当事人来说,随时会担心来之不易的胜利果实会因两院发动的再审而脱手让出,使确定的民事关系再度处于不稳定之中,之于判决的权威,之于民事法律关系的稳定,都应扩张权利而限制权力。
这两个倾向充分突出了民事再审的弊端所在,在对民事再审程序的重构中,只有从实体与程序并重,扩张当事人的权利为基点,才能克服和解决现行民事再审程序的症结,将当事人的申请再审权引入合理的诉讼轨道,纵观世界各国的立法例,大多数大陆法系国家再审程序的启动均由当事人的再审之诉引发。作为一种独立的诉讼,根据“有法益则有诉权”的法则,再审程序的发动只能由当事人,而非法院和检查院,这无疑是扩张了当事人的权利能力。同时,再审之诉作为有独立诉讼标的一级新的诉讼,则必须有相应的诉讼程序,彰显当事人的处分权和平等抗辩权,从而实现实体正义与程序正义的并重,伴现效益效率原则。基于此,笔者认为,要妥善解决民事再审程序问题,就应当借鉴德国、日本等大陆法系国家的立法例,并结合我国国情实际,确立再审之诉制度。在我国确立再审之诉制度,加强当事人在再审程序中的主体地位,这不仅可以规范再审程序的运行,改变现在发起再审主体过多且不合理的混乱状态,而且也有利于当事人诉权的行使,从程序上更有效地保障当事人的合法权益。
三、再审之诉设计构想
我国目前的再审程序并不是一种独立的诉讼程序,而是承接在一、二审之后的一种非独立的纠错程序。将民事再审程序依照“实体与程序并重,扩张当事人权利”的基点演进为民事再审之诉后,其将变成一种规范意义上的诉,内容上必然会发生一系列重大变化,涉及到再审之诉、审查受理、判决等等一系列方面。结合对日本新民事诉讼法,德国民事诉讼法的借鉴性分析,作出如下构想:
1、起诉。实行当事人独立起诉主义。再审之诉既然作为一种独立的诉讼程序,其程序的启动必然由当事人通过起抗拒引发。根据私法自治的原则,程序的启动权只能由当事人享有,对于已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定,当一人既有主张诉权的自由,也有放弃的处分权,而不再由法院和检察院可依职权发动,需要说明的是,再审之诉所针对的同样是已发生法律效力的裁判,而对于未生效的一审判决,当事人可以通过上诉获得救济;当然,终审判决一经作出,即产生效力,当事人不服的,就只有通过再审之诉获取救济。在适用的程序方面,既然是独立的诉讼,就应适用一审起诉程序,而并不因其是再审之诉而使其诉讼性质发生更改。
对于法院发现判决错误和检察院认为判决不合法的,应当如何处理?笔者认为,构建再审之诉目的之一就是限制公权力膨胀,如果允许两院依职权启动,势必与构建目的不符,也与私法自治及当事人处分权不容。两院即使认为判决有误,也不得依职权当然发动,除非当事人启动再审之诉,这便于维护判决的威严和当事人主体地们的维护。为了尽可能地实现实体公正,可以创设法院、检察院对当事人的起诉建议制度,当然,这是否有违审判中立原则确也值得细探。
2、受理。由原审法院的上级法院审查受理。借鉴世界上实行三审终审与再审之诉国家的立法例,均对再审之诉作出了限制,明确可以引发诉讼的法定事由。这就要求法院在受理时,必须进行审查,对于符合条件的,予以立案受理,不符合诉讼条件的,应用裁定驳回,而不再适用《若干问题意见》第206条所规定的使用通知驳回形式,体现再审之诉的性质。关于具体审查程序方面,应当考虑再审之诉性质的特殊性:一是其是针对已经发生法律效力的裁判提起的诉讼;二是当事人程序救济的终局性。这就要求审查程序应做到公开、公平、公正,可以借鉴英美法系的作法,举行听证会,以确保审查程序的公正性,联系我国国情实际,应当从诉讼标的性质,标的额大小两方面确立听证会条件,对重要、重大影响案件予以听证,这既有利于驱导程序、实体公正的统一,也符合我国司法资源不足的现状。
对于确定原审法院的上级法院受理,笔者认为应主要从以下几个方面予以考虑:第一,原审法院审级低,法官素质不高。一般民事案件一审法院一般为基层法院或者中级法院。普遍存在法官素质不高,案件定性不准,适用法律不当的现象。再审之诉作为当事人的终局救济途径,必然应对其民事法律关系作出尽可能正确的判决,确立稳定的民事法律关系,这就要求由较高审级的法院受诉,对案件作出正确裁判。第二,满足当事人诉讼心理的需要,当事人提起再审之诉的目的就是为了追求实体的公正,心理上希望由较高审级的法院来审理,取得一种获取公正判决的希冀藉慰。如果法律规定由原审法院来受诉,对当事人诉讼心理来讲,可能是难以满足的。同时,基于规定的统一性和司法偏差率的扩大,也应反对由原审法院和上级法院共享受诉权的作法。第三,原审法院自己否定自己不现实。在前面的论述中已经提到,原审法院对自己作出的判决进行否定,这在实践中是比较困难的,即使原审法院作出了否定性判决,这是否合理,同样值得商榷。根据诉讼法的原理,正确的判决可能只有一个,合理的判决可能有多个,同一法院中素质相近的法官的认识却是不会相同的,原审官依据其对证据的采信和案件事实的把握作出的合理判决却被再审法官用另一
合理判决予以否定,用合理的判决否决合理的判决,这本身是否也意味着不合理。
3、再审理由。民事诉讼法第179条对可以申请再审的理由作出了列举性规定,将民事再审改进为再审之诉发动后,对当事人的诉讼权利同时也应予以限制,实现与有限司法资源的匹配和判决稳定的维护。第一,既判力要求维护法院判决权威。法院判决是公权力对民事法律关系作出的确定,体现了国家干预色彩。判决一经作出,并依法定事由,不得启动可能变更判决的任何程序。德国民事诉讼法第579条、第580条,日本新民事诉讼法第338条也对再审理由作出了限制性规定,主要体现在两类事由,即重大??和严重缺陷。第二,民事法律关系的稳定和程序的及时终结性要求限制再审。民事诉讼的目的就是为了及时解决纠纷,便于民事法律关系的稳定。反复诉讼,久讼不决不符合经济效益原则,造成司法资源的浪费和社会经济发展的障碍。第三,法律真实与客观真实的差异性。众所周知,法院判决构建于证据所组构的法律真实,与客观事实之间存在差异,那是必然的,更何况我国《民事诉讼证据若干问题的若干规定》第41至46条确立了优势盖然性规则,使这种情形更成为可能。对当事人来讲或许是不公平的,但从程序正义角度分析,这是公正的。如果允许以客观事实质疑法律真实,将会陷入永无终局的尴尬境地,所以应当作出限制。参照德国、日
本立法体例以及相关学者的论述,可以确定以下的再审事由:(1)适用法律明显错误。(2)判决主张与判决理由矛盾。(3)审判人员组织不合法。(4)审判人员未适用回避程序。(5)未经合法代理。(6)审判人员发生与本案相关的职务犯罪。(7)当事人的诉讼代理人,对方当事人及代理人存在与本案有关的犯罪行为,影响案件裁判的。(8)证人、鉴定人、翻译人、勘验人在本案中存在犯罪的。(9)作为裁判依据的另一生效判决或行政决定,公正文书被撤销。(10)作为裁判依据的文书或物证是伪造或变造的。(11)本案裁判与已生效的相关裁判相矛盾的。(12)法院违反专属管辖受案。(13)其他可能影响判决公正的事由。
4、审理。再审之诉作为一级独立的诉讼,则应按照诉讼程序予以审理。在前面已论述到,再审之诉依照一审程序起诉,则相关的送达程序也应依照一审程序规定。这里所主要讨论的仅仅是再审是依据书面审理还是开庭审理,结合大陆法系国家立法规定,结合我国现实国情,笔者认为应确立书面审为主,庭审为辅的审理原则,对于重大疑难,影响较大的案件应当公开开庭审理,一般民事再审则适用书面审理。第一,再审之诉都是基于明确再审理由而提出的,原审当事人双方的起诉状、答辩状和原审笔录材料,可以明确案件事实和有针对性地查明起诉人再审理由在原判决的影响力和作用力,作出公正的裁判。针对原审中双方均无异议的事实可以直接予以认定,而对于当事人双方意见分歧很大的事实部分,可以创设听证制度,通过双方证据交换来达到明辨真伪的目的。第二,对于重大疑难,影响较大的案件则应当公开开庭审理,严格履行诉讼审理程序,以期正确探明案件事实,作出合理的公正判决。
5、判决。再审之诉确立目的之一就是为了更好地解决累讼的现象,所以再审判决一经作出,即为终局判决,当事人不得再以任何理由提出诉讼或再审。关于检察院的检察权配置应允许检察院通过抗诉而敦促法院对再审判决再行合议一次,对于合议结果法院应当即时通知检察院和当事人。但检察院抗诉权的行使,仅以一次为限。需要注意的是,配置检察院抗诉权,不是要对当事人主体地位的削弱,而是对法院的判决监督,同时,只赋予检察院一次为限的抗诉权对法院的中心地位不会构成威胁。这是否会产生公权力对权利的排挤问题,应当是利弊相存,如果取消检察院监督权,在法官并非身份象征的中国社会里,或许是行不通的。
6、诉讼费用。现行民事再审是不用交纳费用的,但再审之诉引发的再审是针对原审已经总结,判决已经发生效力的新诉讼,有着独立的诉讼标的和诉讼请求,是一级独立诉讼,应当收取相关的诉讼费用,既有利于解决司法经费紧张的局面,也有利于加强社会成员的法制观念,防止滥用诉讼权的现象发生。但再审毕竟是对原审未明确的法律关系的后续解决,与原审有着密切的联系。可以依照现行的《收费办法》减半收取。
参考文献:
[1] 亓荣霞.再审程序苦干概念辨析[J].政法论坛,2003.(2).
[2] 荣朝武.关于改革民事再审程序的几点思考[J].人大复印资料,2003(6).
[3] 朱和平,邓承立.论民事再审程序的弊端与完善[J].当代法学,2003(10).
[4] 蒋集跃,杨永华.论我国民事再审制度的完善??兼谈申诉问题的理性解决[J].政法论坛,2003(2).
[5] 江伟,疗永安.论我国民事诉讼一审与上诉审关系之协调与整合[J],人大复印资料.2003(6).
[6] 常怡.民事诉讼法学[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.
[7] 白绿铉译.日本新民事诉讼法[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2000.
[8] 谢怀?译.德意志联邦共和国民事诉讼法[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2000.
[9] 江平.民事审判方式改革与发展[M].北京:中国法制出版社,1998.扬帆


中华人民共和国个人所得税法实施条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国个人所得税法实施条例(附英文)

1994年1月28日,国务院

第一条 根据《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》(以下简称税法)的规定,制定本条例。
第二条 税法第一条第一款所说的在中国境内有住所的个人,是指因户籍、家庭、经济利益关系而在中国境内习惯性居住的个人。
第三条 税法第一条第一款所说的在境内居住满一年,是指在一个纳税年度中在中国境内居住365日。临时离境的,不扣减日数。
前款所说的临时离境,是指在一个纳税年度中一次不超过30日或者多次累计不超过90日的离境。
第四条 税法第一条第一款、第二款所说的从中国境内取得的所得,是指来源于中国境内的所得;所说的从中国境外取得的所得,是指来源于中国境外的所得。
第五条 下列所得,不论支付地点是否在中国境内,均为来源于中国境内的所得:
(一)因任职、受雇、履约等而在中国境内提供劳务取得的所得;
(二)将财产出租给承租人在中国境内使用而取得的所得;
(三)转让中国境内的建筑物、土地使用权等财产或者在中国境内转让其他财产取得的所得;
(四)许可各种特许权在中国境内使用而取得的所得;
(五)从中国境内的公司、企业以及其他经济组织或者个人取得的利息、股息、红利所得。
第六条 在中国境内无住所,但是居住一年以上五年以下的个人,其来源于中国境外的所得,经主管税务机关批准,可以只就由中国境内公司、企业以及其他经济组织或者个人支付的部分缴纳个人所得税;居住超过五年的个人,从第六年起,应当就其来源于中国境外的全部所得缴纳个人所得税。
第七条 在中国境内无住所,但是在一个纳税年度中在中国境内连续或者累计居住不超过90日的个人,其来源于中国境内的所得,由境外雇主支付并且不由该雇主在中国境内的机构、场所负担的部分,免予缴纳个人所得税。
第八条 税法第二条所说的各项个人所得的范围:
(一)工资、薪金所得,是指个人因任职或者受雇而取得的工资、薪金、奖金、年终加薪、劳动分红、津贴、补贴以及与任职或者受雇有关的其他所得。
(二)个体工商户的生产、经营所得,是指:
1.个体工商户从事工业、手工业、建筑业、交通运输业、商业、饮食业、服务业、修理业以及其他行业生产、经营取得的所得;
2.个人经政府有关部门批准,取得执照,从事办学、医疗、咨询以及其他有偿服务活动取得的所得;
3.其他个人从事个体工商业生产、经营取得的所得;
4.上述个体工商户和个人取得的与生产、经营有关的各项应纳税所得。
(三)对企事业单位的承包经营、承租经营所得,是指个人承包经营、承租经营以及转包、转租取得的所得,包括个人按月或者按次取得的工资、薪金性质的所得。
(四)劳务报酬所得,是指个人从事设计、装璜、安装、制图、化验、测试、医疗、法律、会计、咨询、讲学、新闻、广播、翻译、审稿、书画、雕刻、影视、录音、录像、演出、表演、广告、展览、技术服务、介绍服务、经纪服务、代办服务以及其他劳务取得的所得。
(五)稿酬所得,是指个人因其作品以图书、报刊形式出版、发表而取得的所得。
(六)特许权使用费所得,是指个人提供专利权、商标权、著作权、非专利技术以及其他特许权的使用权取得的所得;提供著作权的使用权取得的所得,不包括稿酬所得。
(七)利息、股息、红利所得,是指个人拥有债权、股权而取得的利息、股息、红利所得。
(八)财产租赁所得,是指个人出租建筑物、土地使用权、机器设备、车船以及其他财产取得的所得。
(九)财产转让所得,是指个人转让有价证券、股权、建筑物、土地使用权、机器设备、车船以及其他财产取得的所得。
(十)偶然所得,是指个人得奖、中奖、中彩以及其他偶然性质的所得。
个人取得的所得,难以界定应纳税所得项目的,由主管税务机关确定。
第九条 对股票转让所得征收个人所得税的办法,由财政部另行制定,报国务院批准施行。
第十条 个人取得的应纳税所得,包括现金、实物和有价证券。所得为实物的,应当按照取得的凭证上所注明的价格计算应纳税所得额;无凭证的实物或者凭证上所注明的价格明显偏低的,由主管税务机关参照当地的市场价格核定应纳税所得额。所得为有价证券的,由主管税务机关根据票面价格和市场价格核定应纳税所得额。
第十一条 税法第三条第四项所说的劳务报酬所得一次收入畸高,是指个人一次取得劳务报酬,其应纳税所得额超过20000元。
对前款应纳税所得额超过20000元至50000元的部分,依照税法规定计算应纳税额后再按照应纳税额加征五成;超过50000元的部分,加征十成。
第十二条 税法第四条第二项所说的国债利息,是指个人持有中华人民共和国财政部发行的债券而取得的利息所得;所说的国家发行的金融债券利息,是指个人持有经国务院批准发行的金融债券而取得的利息所得。
第十三条 税法第四条第三项所说的按照国家统一规定发给的补贴、津贴,是指按照国务院规定发给的政府特殊津贴和国务院规定免纳个人所得税的补贴、津贴。
第十四条 税法第四条第四项所说的福利费,是指根据国家有关规定,从企业、事业单位、国家机关、社会团体提留的福利费或者工会经费中支付给个人的生活补助费;所说的救济金,是指国家民政部门支付给个人的生活困难补助费。
第十五条 税法第四条第八项所说的依照我国法律规定应予免税的各国驻华使馆、领事馆的外交代表、领事官员和其他人员的所得,是指依照《中华人民共和国外交特权与豁免条例》和《中华人民共和国领事特权与豁免条例》规定免税的所得。
第十六条 税法第五条所说的减征个人所得税,其减征的幅度和期限由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府规定。
第十七条 税法第六条第一款第二项所说的成本、费用,是指纳税义务人从事生产、经营所发生的各项直接支出和分配计入成本的间接费用以及销售费用、管理费用、财务费用;所说的损失,是指纳税义务人在生产、经营过程中发生的各项营业外支出。
从事生产、经营的纳税义务人未提供完整、准确的纳税资料,不能正确计算应纳税所得额的,由主管税务机关核定其应纳税所得额。
第十八条 税法第六条第一款第三项所说的每一纳税年度的收入总额,是指纳税义务人按照承包经营、承租经营合同规定分得的经营利润和工资、薪金性质的所得;所说的减除必要费用,是指按月减除800元。
第十九条 税法第六条第一款第五项所说的财产原值,是指:
(一)有价证券,为买入价以及买入时按照规定交纳的有关费用;
(二)建筑物,为建造费或者购进价格以及其他有关费用;
(三)土地使用权,为取得土地使用权所支付的金额、开发土地的费用以及其他有关费用;
(四)机器设备、车船,为购进价格、运输费、安装费以及其他有关费用;
(五)其他财产,参照以上方法确定。
纳税义务人未提供完整、准确的财产原值凭证,不能正确计算财产原值的,由主管税务机关核定其财产原值。
第二十条 税法第六条第一款第五项所说的合理费用,是指卖出财产时按照规定支付的有关费用。
第二十一条 税法第六条第一款第四项、第六项所说的每次收入,是指:
(一)劳务报酬所得,属于一次性收入的,以取得该项收入为一次;属于同一项目连续性收入的,以一个月内取得的收入为一次。
(二)稿酬所得,以每次出版、发表取得的收入为一次。
(三)特许权使用费所得,以一项特许权的一次许可使用所取得的收入为一次。
(四)财产租赁所得,以一个月内取得的收入为一次。
(五)利息、股息、红利所得,以支付利息、股息、红利时取得的收入为一次。
(六)偶然所得,以每次取得该项收入为一次。
第二十二条 财产转让所得,按照一次转让财产的收入额减除财产原值和合理费用后的余额,计算纳税。
第二十三条 二个或者二个以上的个人共同取得同一项目收入的,应当对每个人取得的收入分别按照税法规定减除费用后计算纳税。
第二十四条 税法第六条第二款所说的个人将其所得对教育事业和其他公益事业的捐赠,是指个人将其所得通过中国境内的社会团体、国家机关向教育和其他社会公益事业以及遭受严重自然灾害地区、贫困地区的捐赠。
捐赠额未超过纳税义务人申报的应纳税所得额30%的部分,可以从其应纳税所得额中扣除。
第二十五条 税法第六条第三款所说的在中国境外取得工资、薪金所得,是指在中国境外任职或者受雇而取得的工资、薪金所得。
第二十六条 税法第六条第三款所说的附加减除费用,是指每月在减除800元费用的基础上,再减除本条例第二十八条规定数额的费用。
第二十七条 税法第六条第三款所说的附加减除费用适用的范围,是指:
(一)在中国境内的外商投资企业和外国企业中工作的外籍人员;
(二)应聘在中国境内的企业、事业单位、社会团体、国家机关中工作的外籍专家;
(三)在中国境内有住所而在中国境外任职或者受雇取得工资、薪金所得的个人;
(四)财政部确定的其他人员。
第二十八条 税法第六条第三款所说的附加减除费用标准为3200元。
第二十九条 华侨和香港、澳门、台湾同胞,参照本条例第二十六条、第二十七条、第二十八条的规定执行。
第三十条 在中国境内有住所,或者无住所而在境内居住满一年的个人,从中国境内和境外取得的所得,应当分别计算应纳税额。
第三十一条 税法第七条所说的已在境外缴纳的个人所得税税额,是指纳税义务人从中国境外取得的所得,依照该所得来源国家或者地区的法律应当缴纳并且实际已经缴纳的税额。
第三十二条 税法第七条所说的依照税法规定计算的应纳税额,是指纳税义务人从中国境外取得的所得,区别不同国家或者地区和不同应税项目,依照税法规定的费用减除标准和适用税率计算的应纳税额;同一国家或者地区内不同应税项目的应纳税额之和,为该国家或者地区的扣除限额。
纳税义务人在中国境外一个国家或者地区实际已经缴纳的个人所得税税额,低于依照前款规定计算出的该国家或者地区扣除限额的,应当在中国缴纳差额部分的税款;超过该国家或者地区扣除限额的,其超过部分不得在本纳税年度的应纳税额中扣除,但是可以在以后纳税年度的该国家或者地区扣除限额的余额中补扣。补扣期限最长不得超过五年。
第三十三条 纳税义务人依照税法第七条的规定申请扣除已在境外缴纳的个人所得税税额时,应当提供境外税务机关填发的完税凭证原件。
第三十四条 扣缴义务人在向个人支付应税款项时,应当依照税法规定代扣税款,按时缴库,并专项记载备查。
前款所说的支付,包括现金支付、汇拨支付、转帐支付和以有价证券、实物以及其他形式的支付。
第三十五条 自行申报的纳税义务人,应当向取得所得的当地主管税务机关申报纳税。从中国境外取得所得,以及在中国境内二处或者二处以上取得所得的,可以由纳税义务人选择一地申报纳税;纳税义务人变更申报纳税地点的,应当经原主管税务机关批准。
第三十六条 自行申报的纳税义务人,在申报纳税时,其在中国境内已扣缴的税款,准予按照规定从应纳税额中扣除。
第三十七条 纳税义务人兼有税法第二条所列的二项或者二项以上的所得的,按项分别计算纳税。在中国境内二处或者二处以上取得税法第二条第一项、第二项、第三项所得的,同项所得合并计算纳税。
第三十八条 税法第九条第二款所说的特定行业,是指采掘业、远洋运输业、远洋捕捞业以及财政部确定的其他行业。
第三十九条 税法第九条第二款所说的按年计算、分月预缴的计征方式,是指本条例第三十八条所列的特定行业职工的工资、薪金所得应纳的税款,按月预缴,自年度终了之日起30日内,合计其全年工资、薪金所得,再按12个月平均并计算实际应纳的税款,多退少补。
第四十条 税法第九条第四款所说的由纳税义务人在年度终了后30日内将应纳的税款缴入国库,是指在年终一次性取得承包经营、承租经营所得的纳税义务人,自取得收入之日起30日内将应纳的税款缴入国库。
第四十一条 依照税法第十条的规定,所得为外国货币的,应当按照填开完税凭证的上一月最后一日中国人民银行公布的外汇牌价,折合成人民币计算应纳税所得额。依照税法规定,在年度终了后汇算清缴的,对已经按月或者按次预缴税款的外国货币所得,不再重新折算;对应当补缴税款的所得部分,按照上一纳税年度最后一日中国人民银行公布的外汇牌价,折合成人民币计算应纳税所得额。
第四十二条 税务机关按照税法第十一条的规定付给扣缴义务人手续费时,应当按月填开收入退还书发给扣缴义务人。扣缴义务人持收入退还书向指定的银行办理退库手续。
第四十三条 个人所得税纳税申报表、扣缴个人所得税报告表和个人所得税完税凭证式样,由国家税务总局统一制定。
第四十四条 税法和本条例所说的纳税年度,自公历1月1日起至12月31日止。
第四十五条 1994纳税年度起,个人所得税依照税法以及本条例的规定计算征收。
第四十六条 本条例由财政部会同国家税务总局解释。
第四十七条 本条例自发布之日起施行。1987年8月8日国务院发布的《中华人民共和国国务院关于对来华工作的外籍人员工资、薪金所得减征个人所得税的暂行规定》同时废止。

REGULATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAXLAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(State Council: 28 January 1994)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the Individual
Income Tax law of the People's Republic of China (the "Tax Law").
Article 2
For the Purposes of the first paragraph of Article 1 of the Tax Law,
the term "individuals who have domicile in China" shall mean individuals
who by reason of their permanent registered address, family or economic
interests, habitually reside in the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
For the purposes of the first paragraph of Article 1 of the Tax Law,
the term "have resided for one year or move in China" shall mean to have
resided within the People's Republic of China for 365 days in a Tax Year.
No deductions shall be made from that number of days for Temporary Trips
out of the People's Republic of China.
For the purposes of preceding paragraph, the term "Temporary Trips
out of the People's Republic of China" shall mean absence from the
People's Republic of China for not more than 30 days during a single trip,
or not more than a cumulative total of 90 days over a number of trips,
within the same Tax Year.
Article 4
For the purposes of the first and second paragraphs of Article 1 of
the Tax Law, the term "income derived from sources within China" shall
mean income the source of which is inside the People's Republic of China,
and the term "from sources outside China" shall mean income the source of
which is outside the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The following income, whether the place of payment is inside the
People's Republic of China or not, shall be income derived from sources
inside the People's Republic of China.
(1) income from personal services provided inside the People's
Republic of China because of the tenure of an office, employment, the
performance of a contract, etc.;
(2) income from the lease of property to a lessee for use inside the
People's Republic of China;
(3) income from the assignment of property such as buildings, land
use rights, etc. inside the People's Republic of China or the assignment
inside the People's Republic of China of any other property;
(4) Income from the licensing for use inside the People's Republic of
China of any kind of licensing rights;
(5) income from interest, dividends and extra dividends derived from
companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals
inside the People's Republic of China.
Article 6
For income derived from sources outside the People's Republic of
China of individuals not domiciled in the People's Republic of China, but
resident for more than one year and less than five years, subject to the
approval of the tax authorities-in-charge, individual income tax may be
paid on only that part which was paid by companies, enterprises or other
economic organizations or individuals which are inside the People's
Republic of China. Individuals who reside for more than five years shall,
commencing from the sixth year, pay individual income tax on the whole
amount of income derived from sources outside the People's Republic of
China.
Article 7
For individuals who are not domiciled in the People's Republic of
China, but who reside inside the People's Republic of China consecutively
or accumulatively for not more than 90 days in any one Tax Year, their
income derived from sources inside the People's Republic of China which is
paid by an employer outside the People's Republic of China, and which is
not borne by the employer's establishment or business place within the
People's Republic of China, shall be exempt from individual income tax.
Article 8
The scope of the categories of income mentioned in Article 2 of the
Tax Law shall be as set forth below;
(1) The term "income from wages and salaries" shall mean wages,
salaries, bonuses, year-end extras, profit shares, subsidies, allowances
and other income related to the tenure of an office or employment that is
derived by individuals by virtue of the tenure of an office or employment.
(2) The term "income from production or business operation derived by
individual industrial and commercial households" shall mean the following:
(a) income derived by individual industrial and commercial households
from engagement in industry, handicrafts, construction, transportation,
commerce, the food and beverage industry, the service industry, the repair
industry and production and business in other industries;
(b) income derived by individuals from engagement, with approval from
the relevant government authorities and after having obtained licenses, in
the provision of educational. medical, advisory and other services
activities for consideration;
(c) other income derived by individuals from engagement in individual
industrial and commercial production and business;
(d) all taxable income related to production and business of the
above individual industrial and commercial households and individuals.
(3) The term "income from contracted or leased operation of
enterprises or institutions" shall mean income derived by individuals from
contracted or leased operations, or from assigning such contracts or
leases, including income of a wage or salary nature derived by individuals
on a monthly basis or from time to time.
(4) The term "income from remuneration for personal services" shall
mean income derived by individuals from engagement in design, decoration,
installation, drafting, laboratory testing, other testing, medical
treatment, legal accounting, advisory, lecturing, news, broadcasting,
translation, proofreading, painting and calligraphic, carving, moving
picture and television, sound recording, video recording, show,
performance, advertising, exhibition and technical services, introduction
services, brokerage services, agency services and other personal services.
(5) The term "income from author's remuneration" shall mean income
derived by individuals by virtue of the publication of their works in
books, newspapers and periodicals.
(6) The term "income from royalties" shall mean income derived by
individuals from provision of the right to use patent rights, trademark
rights, copyrights, non-patented technology and other licensing rights,
Income from provision of the fight to use copyrights shall not include
income from author's remuneration.
(7) The term "income from interest, dividends and extra dividends"
shall mean income from interest, dividends and extra dividends that is
derived by individuals by virtue of their possession of creditor's rights
and share rights.
(8) The term "income from lease of property" shall mean income
derived by individuals from the lease of buildings, land use rights,
machinery, equipment, means of transportation and other property.
(9) The term "income from transfer of properly" shall mean income
derived by individuals from the assignment of negotiable securities, share
rights, structures, land use rights, machinery, equipment, means of
transportation and other property.
(10) The term "contingent income" shall mean income derived by
individuals from winning awards, prizes and lotteries and other income of
an occasional nature.
Income derived by individuals for which the taxable category is
difficult to determine shall be decided upon by the tax
authorities-in-charge.
Article 9
Measures for the levy and collection if individual income tax on
income from the transfer of shares shall be separately formulated by the
Ministry of Finance and implemented upon approval by the State Council.
Article 10
Taxable income derived by individuals shall include cash, physical
objects and negotiable securities. If the income is in the form of
physical objects, the amount of taxable income shall be determined
according to the price specified on the voucher obtained. If there is no
receipt for the physical objects or if the price specified on the voucher
is obviously on the low side, the tax authorities-in-charge shall
determine the amount of taxable income by reference to the local market
price, If the income is in the form of negotiable securities, the amount
of taxable income shall be determined by the tax authorities-in-charge
according to the face value and the market price.
Article 11
For the purposes of item (4) of Article 3 of the Tax Law, the phrase
"a specific payment of income from remuneration for personal service is
excessively high" shall mean a payment received as remuneration for
personal service with an amount of taxable income exceeding RMB 20000.
That part of taxable income as mentioned in the preceding paragraph
which exceeds RMB 20000 but does not exceed RMB 50000 shall, after the
amount of tax payable is calculated in accordance with the Tax Law. be
subject to an additional levy at the rate of 50 percent of the amount of
tax payable. That part which exceeds RMB 50000 shall be subject to an
additional levy at the rate of 100 percent of tax payable.
Article 12
For the purposes of item (2) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the term
"interest on national debt obligations" shall mean interest income derived
by individuals by virtue of holding bonds issued by the Ministry of
Finance of the People's Republic of China, and the term "interest on
financial debentures issued by the state" shall mean interest income
derived by individuals by viture of holding financial bonds issued with
State Council approval.
Article 13
For the purposes of item (3) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the term
"subsidies and allowances paid in accordance with uniform regulations of
the state" shall mean special government subsidies issued in accordance
with State Council regulations and allowances and subsidies that are
exempt from individual income tax by State Council regulations.
Article 14
For the purposes of item (4) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the term
"welfare benefits" shall mean cost-of-living subsidies paid to individuals
according to relevant state regulations out of the welfare benefits or
labor union funds allocated by enterprises, institutions, government
agencies and social organizations, and the term "relief payments" shall
mean hardship subsidies paid to individuals by civil affairs authorities
of the state.
Article 15
For the purposes of item (8) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the "income
derived by the diplomatic agents, consular officers and other personnel
who are exempt from tax under the provisions of the relevant Laws of
China" shall mean income that is tax-exempt under the Regulations of the
People's Republic of China Concerning Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities
and the Regulations of the People's Republic of China concerning Consular
Privileges and Immunities.
Article 16
The ranges and periods of the reductions in individual income tax
referred to in Article 5 of the Tax Law shall be stipulated by the
People's Governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the central government.
Article 17
For the purposes of item (2) of the first paragraph of Article 6 of
the Tax Law, the terms "costs" and "expenses" shall mean all direct
expenditures, indirect expenses allocated as costs, as well as marketing
expenses, administrative expenses and financial expenses incurred by
taxpayers while engaging in production and business, and the term "losses"
shall mean all non-operating expenditures incurred by taxpayers in the
course of production and business.
If a taxpayer engaging in production or business fails to provide
complete and accurate tax information and is unable to correctly calculate
the amount of taxable income, his amount of taxable income shall be
determined by the tax authorities-in-charge.
Article 18
For the purposes of item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 6 of
the Tax Law, the term "the gross income in a tax year" shall mean the
share of the operating profit or the income of a wage or salary nature
derived by the taxpayer according to the contract for the contracted or
leased operation and the term "deduction of necessary expenses" shall mean
a monthly deduction of RMB 800.
Article 19
For the purposes of item (5) of the first paragraph of Article 6 of
the Tax Law, the term "the original value of the property" shall mean:
(1) in the case of negotiable securities, the price for which they
were purchased and related expenses paid according to regulations at the
time of purchase;
(2) in the case of buildings, the construction expenses or purchase
price, and other related expenses;
(3) in the case of land use rights, amount paid to acquire the land
use rights, land development expenses and other related expenses;
(4) in the case of machinery, equipment, vehicles and vessels, the
purchase, freight, installation expenses and other related expenses;
(5) in the case of other property, the original value shall be
determined by reference of the above methods.
If a taxpayer fails to provide complete and accurate vouchers
concerning the original value of the property and is unable to correctly
calculate the original value of the property, the original value of the
property shall be determined by the tax authorities-in-charge.
Article 20
For the purposes of item (5) of the first paragraph of Article 6 of
the Tax Law, the term "reasonable expenses" shall mean relevant expenses
paid in accordance with regulations at the time of sale.
Article 21
For the purposes of items (4) and (6) of the first paragraph of
Article 6 of the Tax Law, the term "each payment" shall mean:
(1) in the case of income from remuneration for personal services,
the amount, if the income is derived in a lump sum, of that lump sum; and,
if the income is of a continuing nature and pertains to the same project,
the income derived during one month;
(2) in the case of income from author's remuneration, the income
derived on each instance of publication;
(3) in the case of income from royalties, the income derived from
each instance of licensing a licensing right;
(4) in the ease of income from the lease of property, the income
derived during one month;
(5) in the case of income from interest, dividends and extra
dividends, the income derived each time interest, dividends or extra
dividends are paid;
(6) in the case of contingent income, each payment of such income
obtained.
Article 22
Tax on income from the assignment of property shall be calculated and
paid on the proceeds of a single assignment of property less the original
value of the property and reasonable expenses.
Article 23
If the same item of income is derived by two or more individuals, tax
thereon shall be calculated and paid separately on the income derived by
each individual after the deduction of expenses respectively in accordance
with the Tax Law.
Article 24
For the purposes of the second paragraph of Article 6 of the Tax Law,
the term "individual income donated to educational and other public
welfare undertakings" refers to the donation by individuals of their
income to educational and other public welfare undertakings, and to areas
suffering from serious natural disasters or poverty, through social
organizations or government agencies in the People's Republic of China.
That part of the amount of donations which does not exceed 30 percent
of the amount of taxable income declared by the taxpayer may be deducted
from his amount of taxable income.
Article 25
For the purposes of the third paragraph of Article 6 of the Tax Law,
the term "income from wages and salaries from sources outside China" shall
mean income from wages and salaries derived from the tenure of an office
or employment outside the People's Republic of China.
Article 26
For the purposes of the third paragraph of Article 6 of the Tax Law,
the term: "additional deductions for expenses" shall mean a monthly
deduction for expenses in the amount specified in Article 28 hereof in
addition to the deduction for expenses of RMB 800.
Article 27
For the purposes of the third paragraph of Article 6 of the Tax Law,
the term "the scope of applicability of such additional deductions for
expenses" shall mean:
(1) foreign nationals working in foreign investment enterprises and
foreign enterprises in the People's Republic of China;
(2) foreign experts hired to work in enterprises, institutions,
social organizations and government agencies in the People's Republic of
China;
(3) individuals who are domiciled in the People's Republic of China
and derive income from wages and salaries by virtue of their tenure of an
office or employment outside the People's Republic of China; and
(4) other personal as determined by the Ministry of Finance.
Article 28
The standard for the additional deductions for expenses mentioned in
the third paragraph of Article 6 of the Tax Law shall be RMB 3200.
Article 29
Overseas Chinese and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots shall be
treated by reference to Article 26, 27 and 28 hereof.
Article 30
Individuals who are domiciled in the People's Republic of China, or
who are not domiciled but have resided in the People's Republic of China
for at least one year shall calculate the amounts of tax payable for
income derived from sources within and outside the People's Republic of
China separately.
Article 31
For the purposes of Article 7 of the Tax Law, the term "income tax
paid to foreign authorities" shall mean the amount of income tax payable,
and actually paid, on income derived by a taxpayer from sources outside
the People's Republic of China, according to the laws of the country or
region from which that income was derived.
Article 32
For the purposes of Article 7 of the Tax Law, the term "the amount of
tax otherwise payable under this Law" shall mean the amount of tax payable
on income derived by a taxpayer from sources outside the People's Republic
of China, computed separately for each different country or region and for
each different income category, in accordance with the standards for the
deduction of expenses and the applicable tax rates stipulated in the Tax
Law. The sum of the amounts of tax payable in the different income
categories within the same country or region shall be the limit for
deductions for that country or region.
If the actual amount of individual income tax paid by a taxpayer in a
country or region outside the People's Republic of China is less than the
limit for deductions for that country or region computed in accordance
with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the balance shall be paid
in the People's Republic of China. If the amount exceeds the limit for
deductions for that country or areas, the excess portion may not be
deducted from the amount of tax payable for that Tax Year; however, such
excess portion may be deducted from any unused portion of the limit for
deductions for that country or region during subsequent Tax Years, for a
maximum period of five years.
Article 33
When taxpayers apply for approval to deduct the amounts of individual
income tax paid outside the People's Republic of China in accordance with
Article 7 of the Tax Law, they shall provide the original tax payment
receipts issued by the tax authorities outside the People's Republic of
China.
Article 34
When withholding agents make taxable payments to individuals, they
shall withhold tax in accordance with the Tax Law, pay the tax over to the
treasury in a timely manner, and keep special records for future
inspection.
For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the term "payments"
shall include payments in cash, payments by remittance, payments by
account transfer, and payments in the form of negotiable securities,
physical objects and other forms.
Article 35
Taxpayers who personally file tax returns shall file the returns with
and pay tax to the tax authorities-in-charge of the place where their
income is derived. Taxpayers who derive income from sources outside the
People's Republic of China, or who derive income in two or more places
inside the People's Republic of China, may select one place in which to
file tax returns and pay tax. Taxpayers who wish to change the location in
which they file tax returns and pay tax shall obtain the approval of the
original tax authorities-in-charge.
Article 36
When taxpayers who personally file tax returns file their returns,
tax payments that have been withheld inside the People's Republic of China
may be deducted from the amount of tax payable, in accordance with
relevant regulations.
Article 37
Taxpayers who concurrently derive income under two or more of the
categories listed in Article 2 of the Tax Law shall compute and pay tax
separately for each category. Taxpayers who derive income under items
(1), (2) or (3) of Article 2 of the Tax Law in two or more places inside
the People's Republic of China shall combine the income under the same
category for the computation and payment of tax.
Article 38
For the purposes of the second paragraph of Article 9 of the Tax Law,
the term "specified industries" shall mean the excavation industry,
ocean-shipping industry, deepsea fishing industry and other industries as
determined by the Ministry of Finance.
Article 39
For the purposes of the second paragraph of Article 9 of the Tax Law,
the term "tax computed on an annual basis and paid in advance in monthly
installments" shall mean the monthly prepayment of the tax payable on the
income from wages and salaries of staff and workers in the specified
industries listed in Article 38 hereof, and the computation of the actual
tax payment due, within 30 days from the last day of the year, by
averaging over 12 months the total wages and salary income for the whole
year, at which time excess payments shall be refunded and deficiencies
shall be made good.
Article 40
For the purposes of the fourth paragraph of Article 9 of the Tax Law,
the phrase "the tax shall be paid into the state treasury within 30 days
after the end of each tax year" shall mean that taxpayers who derive their
income from contracted or leased operation of enterprises in a lump sum
payment at the end of the year, shall pay the tax payable thereon into the
State treasury within 30 days of the date on which the income is derived.
Article 41
In accordance with Article 10 of the Tax Law, foreign currency income
shall be converted into Renminbi for the computation of the amount of
taxable income at the exchange rate published by the People's Bank of
China on the last day of the month preceding that in which the tax payment
receipt is issued. At the time of the annual settlement after the end of
the year in accordance with the Tax Law, the amounts of foreign currency
income on which tax has been prepaid on a monthly basis or each time the
income was derived shall not be converted again. As for the portion of
income the tax on which is to be made up, the amount of taxable income
shall be computed by converting such portion of income into Renminbi
according to the exchange rate published by the People's Bank of China on
the last day of the preceding Tax Year.
Article 42
When tax authorities pay commissions to withholding agents in
accordance with Article 11 of the Tax Law, they shall issue to the
withholding agents monthly refund certificate, on the strength of which
the withholding agent shall carry out treasury refund procedures with
designated banks.
Article 43
The models for individual income tax returns, individual income tax
withholding returns and individual income tax payment receipts shall be
formulated by the State Administration of Taxation in a unified manner.

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劳动和社会保障部办公厅关于劳动争议案中涉及商业秘密侵权问题的函

劳动部办公厅


劳动和社会保障部办公厅关于劳动争议案中涉及商业秘密侵权问题的函
劳动和社会保障部办公厅



河南省劳动厅:
你厅《关于劳动争议案中商业秘密侵权问题的请示》(豫劳函〔1999〕20号)收悉。经研究,现函复如下:
一、《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》第二十条第一款规定了被侵害的经营者的损失难以计算时,确定侵权人的赔偿项目;第二款规定了被侵害的经营者的合法权益受到侵害,可以向人民法院提起诉讼。原劳动部《违反〈劳动法〉有关劳动合同规定的赔偿办法》(劳部发〔1995
〕223号)第五、六条关于按《反不正当竞争法》第二十条规定执行的含义,是指适用第一款的规定。
二、劳动合同中如果明确约定了有关保守商业秘密的内容,由于劳动者未履行,造成用人单位商业秘密被侵害而发生劳动争议,当事人向劳动争议仲裁委员会申请仲裁的,仲裁委员会应当受理,并依据有关规定和劳动合同的约定作出裁决。



1999年7月7日